Hierapolis
Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher born around the middle of the first century in Hierapolis, Phrygia, in present-day Turkey, who spent his youth as a slave in Rome. Once free he taught philosophy and, when Domitian banished philosophers from the city, founded his own school at Nicopolis, where he died around AD 135. He wrote nothing himself: what survives of his teaching, built on telling apart what is up to us from what is not, was set down by his pupil Arrian in the Discourses and the Handbook, or Enchiridion.
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He was famous in his own lifetime, and his thought shaped Marcus Aurelius, who quotes him in his Meditations, and centuries later Pascal and Enlightenment writers such as Montesquieu, Diderot and Voltaire, who read the Enchiridion as students. Some scholars doubt that Arrian recorded his lectures word for word, though that is not the majority view.
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